Self-Driving Cars Must Learn the Language of Cyclists to Keep Roads Safe, Research Suggests

New research suggests that future generations of self-driving cars should learn the language of cyclists to help them safely share the roads with bikes.

Human-computer interaction specialists from the University of Glasgow highlight the need for new autonomous vehicle systems (AVs) capable of replicating the complex social interactions between human car drivers and cyclists on UK roads.

In a paper set to be presented at the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems in Germany next week, the team describe how they studied the many ways drivers and cyclists directly and indirectly communicate with each other in real-life situations on the road.

Their findings form the basis of a new series of recommendations on how AVs should behave safely around cyclists in the decades to come when drivers are less actively engaged in their journeys. For AVs to work safely in human traffic, they must behave appropriately and understand human communications.

The team suggests self-driving cars could better signal their intentions with displays integrated into their exteriors. A series of traffic-light-like coloured LEDs on the cars’ edges could display animations which signal their intentions to manoeuvre, slow or speed up, or give way, helping cyclists to interpret the AVs’ intentions better and respond appropriately.

Cyclists could also wear new types of ‘smart glasses’ that display information on AVs’ intentions by allowing the cars to communicate directly with cyclists around them. AVs could signal that the right of way is up for negotiation, for example, with orange lights on the vehicle and a vibration sent to the cyclists’ glasses as a non-verbal message.

Professor Stephen Brewster of the University of Glasgow’s School of Computing Science led the research. He said: “Cars and bikes share the same spaces on the roads, which can be dangerous – between 2015 and 2020, 84% of fatal bike accidents involved a motor vehicle, and there were more than 11,000 collisions.

“There has been a lot of research in recent years on building safety features into autonomous vehicles to help keep pedestrians safe, but comparatively little on how AVs can safely share the road with cyclists.

“That’s a cause for concern as AVs become more commonplace on the roads. While pedestrians tend to meet AVs in highly controlled situations like road crossings, cyclists ride alongside cars for prolonged periods and rely on two-way interactions with drivers to determine each other’s intentions.

“It’s a much more complicated set of behaviours, making it a big challenge for future AVs to tackle. Self-driving cars offer little direct feedback to cyclists to help them make critically important decisions like whether it’s safe to overtake or switch lanes. Adding any guesswork to the delicate negotiations between car and bike can potentially make the roads less safe.”

The team set out to develop potential solutions to the problem by setting up two observational studies of road traffic in and around Glasgow to learn more about how road users interact.

Firstly, they watched 414 bike riders and motorists interact at five city intersections during busy morning and late afternoon periods.

They noted whether the riders and drivers were aware of each other occupying adjacent space, how they indicated their intent for their next manoeuvre, how they negotiated who would move first, and how they communicated positive or negative feedback once the manoeuvre was completed.

The observer also noted how hand, arm and head movements, facial expressions and vocal cues were used to communicate intention, implicit cues like slowing down or accelerating, and whether car users used their direction indicators or headlights to communicate.

Next, they equipped 12 volunteer cyclists with eye-tracking glasses and head-mounted video cameras and asked them to bike along their usual commuting route to and from work.

As they travelled, the glasses recorded where the cyclists were looking, capturing data on their gaze as it touched the road surface, the exteriors and interiors of cars, and road signs and traffic signals. They found that cyclists regularly relied on information from road signs and traffic signals in situations like controlled intersections. However, they looked at cars more often to gauge drivers’ intentions in roundabouts, uncontrolled junctions and road works.

“These two studies showcase interactions between drivers and cyclists and how bike riders use their eyes to make decisions about their movements, which haven’t been widely observed in previous research,” Professor Brewster added. “Over time, these road users have developed a shared language which helps them safely negotiate shared spaces in traffic.

“Identifying how that language works will help guide the development of versatile new methods of communication with cyclists that are easily understandable in any traffic situation, reliably informative, and predictable.”

The team identified several areas for consideration in future AV designs. Those include guidance that two-way communication with human drivers should be maintained, allowing active negotiations through arm movements, which could require the development of more sensitive sensors on cars.

Messages from AVs to cyclists should be timely and visible anywhere around the vehicle but streamlined enough to avoid overwhelming them with information while they are in motion. The opportunities for positive and negative feedback between human drivers and cyclists should also be maintained wherever possible, which could help designers gather data to improve future performance.

Ammar Al-Taie, also of the University of Glasgow’s School of Computing Science, is a co-author of the paper. He added: “Just like spoken languages, communication between cyclists and drivers varies from country to country. We’re very conscious that this paper focuses specifically on UK roads – any future developments will need to consider the differences in drivers’ and cyclists’ interactions worldwide.

“However, we hope this research will be a valuable resource for AV designers to consider new ways that self-driving cars can work safely alongside cyclists by speaking their language, wherever they may be.”

The paper, titled ‘Keep it Real: Investigating Driver-Cyclist Interaction in Real-World Traffic’, will be published in the Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The research was supported by funding from the University of Glasgow and the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

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